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Anammox (yellow) has been found to be the predominant nitrogen loss pathway and was directly coupled to nitrate reduction (red) and aerobic ammonia oxidation (green) for sources of NO2-. The NH4+ required by anammox originated from DNRA (blue) and remineralization of organic matter via nitrate reduction and likely microaerobic respiration. Microaerobic conditions at least in the upper part of the OMZ were implicated by the occurrence of nitrification, which diminishes in importance from shelf to open ocean as well as deeper into the lower OMZ. In contrast, NH4+ production due to nitrate reduction and DNRA became increasingly important in the lower OMZ and offshore. 'Assim.' and 'Remin.' stand for assimilation (grey) and remineralization (brown) respectively. Nitrogen fixation (grey dashed) might be spatially coupled to nitrogen loss near the OMZ but has not been assessed in this study.
(Source: Phyllis Lam, MPI; published in PNAS)
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