There are a few signaling pathways that are all vital for the development of the embryo into a healthy organism and for maintaining life functions in the adult. These pathways operate from the cell surface to the cell nucleus with its DNA. When disrupted through mutations, severe diseases can result, such as cancer (e.g., colon cancer), brain and heart disorders, as well as other diseases. One of the best studied pathways today is the Wnt signaling pathway. It plays a crucial role in embryonic development, cell growth (proliferation), and maturation of cells into specialized cells (differentiation). This pathway is also an important regulator of stem cells. Two of the main compenents of the Wnt pathway are the proteins beta-catenin and TCF/LEF. In normal cells, the level of beta-catenin in the cytoplasm is regulated by a complex of proteins to which it is bound and which label it for destruction in the waste basket of the cell, the proteasome. One of them is the tumor suppressor APC (a
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