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Can mobile genetic elements or transposons be used as genetic tools for gene discovery or for gene therapy? And how do they affect their host cell? These are questions which Dr. Zoltán Ivics and Dr. Zsuzsanna Izsvák from the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch in Germany have been pursuing for the last few years. The scientists constructed an artificial transposon which they named Sleeping Beauty. The transposon is based on an ancient genomic element from fish, which was presumably active 20 million years ago and, in the laboratory, has been awakened after a long evolutionary sleep. Now, the researchers report on how Sleeping Beauty interacts with a host cell. They found that it affects the cell cycle, a process which a cell undergoes during replication. They were able to show that Sleeping Beauty slows down the growth of the cell by interacting with a gene regulator (Miz-1) and, thus, modulating the G1 phase of the cell cycle, usually a period of general cell growth. The researchers assume that Sleeping Beauty acts very selfishly. During G1-phase it maximizes its chance of more successfully invading the host cell. Also, it is a phase of the cell cycle where transposon-induced DNA-damage can be efficiently repaired by the host cell. The findings of Dr. Oliver Walisko, Dr. Izsvák, and Dr. Ivics have now been published in the early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*. Subsequent experiments will concentrate on a detailed survey of transpositional efficiency during each phase of the cell cycle and will be designed to uncover the relative contribution of different DNA repair pathways to the transposition process.
Mobile genetic elements were discovered in corn by the American researcher Barbara McClintock in the late forties of the last century. In 1983, she received the Nobel Prize for her discovery. Dr. McClintock revealed for the first time that the genome is not a stable entity but rather "mobile" due to the activities of transposable elements termed transposons. Transposons can be found in the genomes of all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans, where they make up a surprisingly large fraction of DNA (45 per cent). These elements can be considered molecular parasites, living and evolving together with their host. Transposons can induce DNA damages in their host, but most transposons in vertebrates are inactive remains of once active elements. Some of the basic cellular mechanisms originate from transposons which makes them very interesting for scientists today, who hope to exploit them as useful genetic tools as, for example, in gene therapy techniques.
*Sleeping Beauty transposase modulates cell cycle progression through interaction with Miz-1
Oliver Walisko*, Zsuzsanna Izsvák*?, Kornélia Szabó ?, Christopher D. Kaufman*, Steffi Herold§, and Zoltán Ivics*¶
*Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany; Institutes of ?Biochemistry and ?Genetics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; and §Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, University of Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany
Early Edition online: March 7, 2006, Printed Edition: March 14, 2006, Vol.103, No. 11, pp. 4063-4067
Press and Public Affairs
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine(MDC) Berlin-Buch
Barbara Bachtler
Robert-Rössle-Str. 10
13125 Berlin
Phone: +49/30/9406-38 96
Fax.: +49/30/9406-38 33
e-mail: bachtler@mdc-berlin.de
http://www.mdc-berlin.de
e-mail: bachtler@mdc-berlin.de; http://www.mdc-berlin.de
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0507683103v1
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