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An international team under German-French leadership has revealed that genetic variations in the ONECUT1 gene are involved in a spectrum of diabetes forms by impairing the function of insulin-producing -cells of the pancreas. Researchers at Ulm University, Germany, and at Cochin Institute, Paris, France, played a leading role in the study entitled “Mutations and variants of ONECUT1 in diabetes”, which was recently published in Nature Medicine.
Diabetes mellitus is a widespread disease, which may occur throughout the live. More than eight percent of adults worldwide suffer from this chronic metabolic disease, and importantly, children are also increasingly affected. Diabetes is associated with high blood glucose levels, which in the long term can lead to serious secondary diseases. The causes, symptoms and progression of the disease differ depending on the type of diabetes. In addition to common forms of diabetes, mainly known as type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which have a multifactorial inheritance involving both genetic and environmental factors, a small subset of diabetes cases are caused by single gene defects (monogenic inheritance).
Within the frame of a study recently published in Nature Medicine, an international research team demonstrated that genetic variations in the ONECUT1 gene orchestrate paramount roles in the development of certain forms of diabetes. The researchers initially performed a detailed clinical and genetic study of an extended French consanguineous family presenting cases of neonatal diabetes and adult-onset diabetes. They showed that complete ONECUT1 deficiency (two mutated alleles) results in a severe form of neonatal diabetes associated with a small pancreas and absent gall bladder, while partial deficiency (one mutated allele) confers a high risk of adult-onset diabetes. In addition, genetic variants located near ONECUT1 and affecting its regulation are associated with increased risk of common type 2 diabetes. Overall, this identifies ONECUT1 as a major player in diabetes.
The international research team then went on to study the functional consequences of ONECUT1 mutations. ONECUT1 plays an essential role in pancreatic development and mutations in this gene disrupt this complex process at various stages. To better understand the molecular genetic networks active during pancreas development, human pluripotent stem cells featuring a deleted ONECUT1 gene were differentiated into pancreatic cells. In addition, patients’ skin cells were employed for reprogramming into stem cells, which at their turn, were differentiated into pancreatic cells. These meticulous laboratory investigations showed that formation of pancreatic progenitor cells was substantially suppressed by the newly discovered ONECUT1 mutations. In addition, the insulin-producing pancreatic -cells were characterized by a permanently impaired ability of regulating the glucose level in blood.
The result of this joint study is a milestone. It shows how collaboration between clinical research, human genetics and patient-oriented basic research can help to better understand a complex metabolic disease, with important health care prospects. This discovery will contribute to improve the precise diagnosis of diabetes cases; it has a high clinical relevance as it marks a stage towards personalizing diabetes treatment by designing & tailoring therapies based on the individual genetic characteristics of those affected.
In this interdisciplinary joint project, researchers from Germany, France, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Austria and Singapore were involved. Dr. Cécile Julier, Institut Cochin, Paris, France, led the genetic study, Professor Alexander Kleger, Ulm University, Germany, led the functional study. The French index family was followed and studied in depth by Professor Marc Nicolino (University Hospital of Lyon, France), and the study also involved a cohort of patients enriched in early-onset type 2 diabetes recruited by Professor Bernhard Böhm (University of Ulm and LKC School of Medicine in Singapore).
Background: ONECUT1 stands for One cut homeobox 1, and is also known as HNF6 for Hepatic Nuclear Factor 6. This protein acts as a transcription factor that can be switched on/off and therefore be associated with the activation/suppression of certain genes. Transcription factors generally ensure that genetic information of the DNA is transcribed into the messenger RNA in the right cell, at the correct time and in the corresponding quantity. Thus, the mRNA provides the blueprint for the biosynthesis of certain proteins that perform a variety of functions in the cell. ONECUT1 is part of a family of genes encoding proteins that play a key role in pancreas and also liver development.
Prof. Dr. Alexander Kleger, Ulm University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine I, Heisenberg-Professor for Molecular Oncology, Group "Pancreatic Development, Stem Cell Differentiation and Cancer", E-Mail: alexander.kleger@uni-ulm.de
Dr. Cécile Julier, Institut Cochin INSERM U1016 - CNRS UMR8104 - Université de Paris, Group "Genetics of diabetes", team "Immunology and genetics of diabetes“, E-Mail: cecile.julier@inserm.fr
Mutations and variants of ONECUT1 in diabetes
A. Philippi*, S. Heller*, I. G. Costa*, V. Senée*, M. Breunig, Z. Li, G. Kwon, R. Russell, A. Illing, Q. Lin, M. Hohwieler, A. Degavre, P. Zalloua, S. Liebau, M. Schuster, J. Krumm, X. Zhang, R. Geusz, J. R. Benthuysen, A. Wang, J. Chiou, K. Gaulton, H. Neubauer, E. Simon, Th. Klein, M. Wagner, G. Nair, C. Besse, C. Dandine-Roulland, R. Olaso, J.-F. Deleuze, B. Kuster, M. Hebrok, Th. Seufferlein, M. Sander, B. O. Boehm, F. Oswald, M. Nicolino$, C. Julier$#, A. Kleger$#, In: Nature Medicine, 18 October
* equal contribution; $ equal contribution, # corresponding authors.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01502-7
http://view-only version of the paper: https://rdcu.be/czISc
(A) Tree of the index family that led to the identification of the ONECUT1-p.231X mutation.
(images were modified according to https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01502-7)
. (B) Immunofluorescence staining to label pancreatic progenitor cells, which have been differentiat ...
(images were modified according to https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01502-7)
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(A) Tree of the index family that led to the identification of the ONECUT1-p.231X mutation.
(images were modified according to https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01502-7)
. (B) Immunofluorescence staining to label pancreatic progenitor cells, which have been differentiat ...
(images were modified according to https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01502-7)
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