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Researchers at the University of Gothenburg have made light-powered gears on a micrometer scale. This paves the way for the smallest on-chip motors in history, which can fit inside a strand of hair.
Gears are everywhere – from clocks and cars to robots and wind turbines. For more than 30 years, researchers have been trying to create even smaller gears in order to construct micro-engines. But progress stalled at 0.1 millimetres, as it was not possible to build the drive trains needed to make them move any smaller.
Researchers from Gothenburg University, among others, have now broken through this barrier by ditching traditional mechanical drive trains and instead using laser light to set the gears in motion directly.
Gears powered by light
In their new study, the researchers shows that microscopic machines can be driven by optical metamaterials – small, patterned structures that can capture and control light on a nanoscale. Using traditional lithography, gears with an optical metamaterial are manufactured with silicon directly on a microchip, with the gear having a diameter of a few tens of micrometres. By shining a laser on the metamaterial, the researchers can make the gear wheel spin. The intensity of the laser light controls the speed, and it is also possible to change the direction of the gear wheel by changing the polarization of the light.
The researchers are thus close to creating micromotors.
A new way of thinking
"We have built a gear train in which a light-driven gear sets the entire chain in motion. The gears can also convert rotation into linear motion, perform periodic movements and control microscopic mirrors to deflect light," says the study's first author, Gan Wang, a researcher in soft matter physics at the University of Gothenburg.
The ability to integrate such machines directly onto a chip and drive them with light opens up entirely new possibilities. Since laser light does not require any fixed contact with the machine and is easy to control, the micromotor can be scaled up to complex microsystems.
“This is a fundamentally new way of thinking about mechanics on a microscale. By replacing bulky couplings with light, we can finally overcome the size barrier,” says Gan Wang.
Cell size
With these advances, researchers are beginning to imagine micro- and nanomachines that can control light, manipulate small particles or be integrated into future lab-on-a-chip systems. A gear wheel can be as small as 16–20 micrometres, and there are human cells of that size. Medicine is a field that is within reach, believes Gan Wang.
“We can use the new micromotors as pumps inside the human body, for example to regulate various flows. I am also looking at how they function as valves that open and close.”
Gan Wang, researcher in soft matter physics at the Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, email: gan.wang@gu.se
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62869-6
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-62869-6
https://Research article
Researcher Gan Wang
Source: Gan Wang
The third gear from the right has an optical metamaterial that react to laserlight and makes the gea ...
Source: Gan Wang
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