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3. The memory effect according to the “Many Particles Model”. The chemical potential of the particles rises steadily at first, as the particles give off lithium ions (Fig. b). Once at Point B (chemical potential barrier), the particles quickly give off the remaining lithium ions (Fig. c). The particles overcome the barrier one after the other rather than simultaneously. After partial charging, some particles return to the front of the barrier (Fig. d). They then “slide down the slope”, so that thermodynamic equilibrium is restored. Now, a division of particles into lithium-rich and lithium-poor is established. This separation persists, even after the battery has been completely discharged (Fig. e and f). During the next charging cycle, this group of lithium-poor particles will cross the barrier first while additional work is needed to take the “delayed” group of lithium-poor particles across the barrier. This implies an overvoltage, the hallmark of a memory effect.
Picture: Nature
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