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New study published in “Science” shows that a single gene determines the mating behavior of male ruffs
In the animal kingdom, testosterone is a necessary hormone for reproduction, and high levels of it are often associated with male dominance and aggression. However, in ruffs – a shore bird that breeds across Europe and Asia – a single gene turns aggressive males into peaceful ones.
Researchers from Freie Universität Berlin, together with a team of international researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, the University of Vienna, Helmholtz Munich, and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, have discovered how this gene produces a “super enzyme” that efficiently breaks down testosterone and influences the bird’s behavior. The team, led by Clemens Küpper (Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence), has now published its findings in the journal Science. Their article, “A Single Gene Orchestrates Androgen Variation Underlying Male Mating Morphs in Ruffs,” is available online at https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp5936.
There are three types of male ruffs, known as morphs, that differ with regard to their appearance and behavior. “Independents,” which account for the vast majority, have darker plumage and aggressively defend a small territory in mating arenas called leks to impress females. The slightly smaller “satellites” have lighter-colored plumage and court peacefully, occasionally being tolerated in independents’ territories as their presence helps to attract more females. The rarer “faeder” morphs take a stealthier approach: they have plumage that is hard to distinguish from female ruffs, allowing them to sneak into the mating arenas unnoticed. Earlier studies have shown that the more aggressive, territory defending independents have higher levels of testosterone in their blood, while this is not the case for the more peaceable satellites and faeders.
However, when the team behind this latest study measured the testosterone levels in ruffs’ testes, they found that faeders and satellites actually produced far more testosterone in their testes than the independents. This begged the question of how these two morphs could have such low testosterone levels in their blood while having such high levels in the testes. The answer presented itself in the form of a “super enzyme.” The researchers discovered that the three morphs only differ from one another in a single DNA region (or “supergene”) comprising roughly one hundred genes. “This region originated around four million years ago when a chromosome fragment broke out and then reinserted itself in the opposite direction,” says Katja Nowick, professor of human biology at Freie Universität Berlin. When they performed gene expression analyses, the researchers noticed a specific gene within this supergene that coded for an enzyme that breaks down testosterone. This enzyme was being produced in large quantities in faeders and satellites – but not at all in the independents. Particularly of interest was the fact that this enzyme was not present in the testes, where testosterone is produced. Rather, it was present in large quantities in the blood and brains of satellites and faeders, allowing them to maintain generally low levels of testosterone.
Testosterone not only regulates the production of sperm, it also influences aggressiveness and courtship behavior. The ability to break down and regulate testosterone could be related to the birds’ mating strategies. “The study demonstrates how a single gene can have far-reaching effects and play an important role in the evolution of complex behavioral strategies,” says Vladimir Jovanović, a postdoctoral researcher in Nowick’s working group. Going forward, the team wants to look more closely at how complex social behaviors are regulated in ruffs and continue exploring the diversity within the sexes.
Prof. Dr. Katja Nowick, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Email: katja.nowick@fu-berlin.de
Dr. Clemens Küpper, Max Planck Research Group Leader, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Email: clemens.kuepper@bi.mpg.de
DOI: 10.1126/science.adp5936
http://Jasmine L. Loveland et al. “A Single Gene Orchestrates Androgen Variation Underlying Male Mating Morphs in Ruffs.” Science 387, 406-412 (2025). DOI: 10.1126/science.adp5936
http://This study was conducted in collaboration with scientists from Freie Universität Berlin, University of Vienna, Helmholtz Munich, and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby.
Two male ruffs
Clemens Küpper / MPI Biologische Intelligenz
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Two male ruffs
Clemens Küpper / MPI Biologische Intelligenz
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