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Image for: Entertainment value of European soccer remains high despite top clubs’ dominance


Average suspense and surprise values for Premier League clubs. Graphic shows the club colors, with gray indicating the reference range for evenly matched games. Values for suspense are often below this range, while those for surprise are usually within it
Average suspense and surprise values for Premier League clubs. Graphic shows the club colors, with gray indicating the reference range for evenly matched games. Values for suspense are often below this range, while those for surprise are usually within it

Copyright: Flepp et al. (2026), Suspense and surprise in European football, European Journal of Operational Research

(1341 KB, 2834 x 2885 pixels)

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