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In Africa's cities, people tend to eat a western style diet, while in rural areas, a more traditional diet is common. This has consequences: Urban Tanzanians living have a more activated immune system compared to their rural counterparts. In a recent study, an international research team presents that this increased activity of the immune system could contribute to the rapid increase in non-communicable diseases in urban areas in Africa. Insights from which the Western world could also learn.
Urban Tanzanians have a more activated immune system compared to their rural counterparts. The difference in diet appears to explain this difference: in the cities, people eat a more western style diet, while in rural areas a traditional diet is more common. A team of researchers from Radboud university medical center (Netherlands), the LIMES Institute at the University of Bonn, the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and the Kilimanjaro Clinic Research Center in Tanzania presents in a recent study that this increased activity of the immune system could contribute to the rapid increase in non-communicable diseases in urban areas in Africa. The study has been published in the scientific journal Nature Immunology.
The survey was conducted among more than 300 Tanzanians, some of whom live in the city of Moshi and some in the countryside. The team found that immune cells from participants from Moshi produced more inflammatory proteins. The people surveyed had no health problems and were not ill, but an activated immune system may increase the risk for lifestyle diseases, such as cardiovascular disease.
The researchers used new techniques to investigate the function of the immune system and the factors that influence its activity. They looked at active RNA molecules in the blood - known as the transcriptome - and the composition of metabolic products in the blood.
Major differences in diet
These analyses showed that metabolites derived from food had an effect on the immune system. Participants from rural areas had higher levels of flavonoids and other anti-inflammatory substances in their blood. The traditional rural Tanzanian diet, which is rich in whole grains, fibre, fruits and vegetables, contains high amounts of these substances.
“In people with an urban diet, which contains more saturated fats and processed foods, increased levels of metabolites that are involved in cholesterol metabolism were found,” says Prof. Mihai Netea, a researcher at the LIMES Institute and the ImmunoSensation2 Cluster of Excellence at the University of Bonn and the Radboud university medical center in the Netherlands. He and his colleagues also found a seasonal change in the activity of the immune system. In the dry season, which is the time of harvest in the study area, the urban people had a less activated immune system.
Western countries can learn from the results
It has been known for some time that a Western lifestyle and eating habits lead to chronic diseases. Prof. Joachim Schultze from the DZNE and the LIMES Institute stresses: “We showed that a traditional Tanzanian diet has a beneficial effect on inflammation and the functioning of the immune system. This is important because rapid urbanization is ongoing, not only in Tanzania, but also in other parts of Africa.” The migration from the countryside to the city is leading to dietary changes and is accompanied by a rapid increase in the number of lifestyle diseases, which puts a heavy burden on the local healthcare systems. The researchers emphasize that prevention is essential, and diet can be very important for this.
Additionally, these findings from Africa are also relevant for Western countries. Urbanization took place a long time ago in most western countries. By studying populations at different stages of urbanization, researchers therefore have unique opportunities to improve their understanding of how diet and lifestyle affect the human immune system.
Participating institutions and funding:
The study was funded by the EU Framework Programme “Horizon 2020” through the Joint Programming Initiative "A healthy diet for a healthy life" (JPI-HDHL), the Dutch granter ZonMw, the German Research Foundation and Radboud University. The research is part of the TransMic study, an international project on the ‘Westernization' of diet and its health consequences. In this project, the researchers from Radboud university medical center and the LIMES Institute at the University of Bonn are working together with colleagues from universities in Italy, Tanzania and Burkina Faso to study the effects of diet on the immune system in populations at different stages of demographic transition and urbanization.
Prof. Mihai G. Netea
LIMES Institute at the University of Bonn; Radboud university medical center
Phone: +31 243618819
Email: Mihai.Netea@radboudumc.nl
Prof. Joachim L. Schultze
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; University of Bonn
Phone: +49 228 43302-410
Email: joachim.schultze@dzne.de
Godfrey S. Temba, Vesla Kullaya, Tal Pecht, Blandina T. Mmbaga, Anna C. Aschenbrenner, Thomas Ulas, Gibson Kibiki, Furaha Lyamuya, Collins K. Boahen, Vinod Kumar, Leo A.B. Joosten, Joachim L. Schultze, Andre J. van der Ven, Mihai G. Netea, Quirijn de Mast: Urban living in healthy Tanzanians is associated with an inflammatory status driven by dietary and metabolic changes. Nature Immunology, DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00867-8
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-021-00867-8 Original publication in Nature Immunology
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