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A new study of SFB 1266 provides further insights into the diet of the so-called Funnelbeaker culture.
The so-called Funnel Beaker Culture (4000-2800 BCE) represents the first phase in Southern Scandinavia northern Germany in which people were agriculturalists and kept lifestock The lifestyle of these farmers has been a subject of research for decades. However, up to now, a mystery has remained regarding the preferred plant food ingredients, especially those beyond cereals, and, which product was made from cereal grain. Recently, one study has been published in a renowned scientific journal - Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports - by the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 1266 in Kiel, providing additional insights into the menu of the earliest farmers. All it took was an analysis of ancient plant remains, particularly microfossils, preserved on grinding stones.
The Oldenburg LA 77 village - where the mystery is revealed
The analyzed grinding stones come from the site of Oldenburg LA 77, a Middle Neolithic (3270–2920 cal BCE) settlement. It is located on a sandy island in a former wetland area known as the Oldenburger Graben on the southwestern coast of the Baltic Sea. During the Neolithic, this wetland area was home to a number of settlements, of which Oldenburg LA 77 is one of the best investigated. This village is representative of social changes in northern Germany, from living in isolated farmsteads towards population agglomeration in villages.
The excavations provided evidence of numerous houses, a well, and thousands of individual finds, such as flint artefacts, pottery fragments and grinding stones. Dr. Jingping An, research assistant in CRC 1266 and the first author of the study, explains: ‘Grinding stones are truly archives for preserving information about plant foods. Even a small fragment of them can carry plenty of plant microfossils, including starch grains and phytoliths.
Cereals and wild plants- astonishingly diverse ingredients
The plant microfossils recovered from the Oldenburg LA 77 grinding stones are informative on the processing of various food ingredients, next to wheat and barley, fruits of wild grasses and knotweeds, acorns, and starch-rich tubers; and, possibly, a small number of wild legume seeds are also found. Among this diversity, the wild ones are especially fascinating ‘Charred wild plants have been documented by archaeobotanical analyses of soil samples from this Neolithic village, but this study further confirms their consumption by looking directly into food processing’, explains Prof. Wiebke Kirleis, head of the study in the CRC 1266. . ‘People in the past knew how to enrich their diet!’, adds Dr. Jingping An. This result is in line with the analysis of plant remains from another Funnel Beaker Culture settlement, the Frydenlund site (ca. 3600 BCE), in present-day Denmark, which Prof. Wiebke Kirleis just published together with colleagues from Moesgaard Museum in Aarhus, Denmark, amongst others (Out et al. 2024). At Frydenlund, plant microfossils solely from wild plants are found on the grinding stones.
Bread or gruel? - Different recipes for preparing cereals!
At Oldenburg LA 77, multiple lines of evidence from grinding stone analyses suggest that cereal grains might have been crushed into coarse fragments and/or ground into fine flour. Together with the botanical and chemical analysis of food residues encrusted on Oldenburg LA77 pottery, and in particular, the biomarker evidence for cereal grains from a ‘baking plate’ recently published (Kubiak-Martens et al. 2024), all the evidence together indicates a possible production of flatbread. This result differs from the investigation of the Frydenlund site, where the absence of evidence for cereal grinding combined with the abundance of carbonised cereals from soil samples suggests that cereals were most likely to have been consumed as gruel or porridge (Out et al. 2024). ‘It is particularly interesting to see that the first farmers had similar interests in consuming wild plant foods, but differed in how they prepared their cereals,’ emphasized Prof. Wiebke Kirleis. ‘Indeed, the existing studies seem to indicate that the early farmers in Northern Germany and Denmark may have had different preferences for meals with cereals. Food preparation and cooking for the first farmers, therefore, were complex and diverse as shown by the evidence they left behind,’ adds Dr. Jingping An.
Photos for download:
http://www.uni-kiel.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pressemitteilungen/2025/005-Nicht_nur_Getreide_04.jpg
Reconstruction of first farmers’ life in the village of Oldenburg LA 77.
© Susanne Beyer, Kiel University
http://www.uni-kiel.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pressemitteilungen/2025/005-Nicht_nur_Getreide_01.jpg
Examples of plant microfossils found on grinding stones; a. starch grains under plane polarised light; a': the same starch grains under cross-polarised light; b. phytoliths
© Dr. Jingping An, Kiel University
http://www.uni-kiel.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pressemitteilungen/2025/005-Nicht_nur_Getreide_02.jpg
A 5000-year-old grinding stone with a concave surface from Oldenburg LA 77.
© Agnes Heitmann, Kiel University
http://www.uni-kiel.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pressemitteilungen/2025/005-Nicht_nur_Getreide_03.jpg
Probenahme von Pflanzenmikrofossilien von den Mahlsteinen durch Dr. Jingping An und die Forschungsassistentin Yasmin Dannath im Labor für Umweltarchäologie an der Universität Kiel.
© Markus Tischner, frisbee medien, Erlangen
http://www.uni-kiel.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pressemitteilungen/2025/005-Nicht_nur_Getreide.jpg
Fragmented grinding stones found together with a human bone, ceramic sherds, and charred plant remains as secondary infill in a former well at Oldenburg LA 77.
© Dr. Jan Piet Brozio, Kiel University
Dr. Jingping An
Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology/
Collaborative Research Centre 1266 "Scales of Transformation - Human-Environmental Interaction in Prehistoric and Archaic Societies”
Kiel University
jingping.an@ufg.uni-kiel.de
Prof. Dr. Wiebke Kirleis
Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology/
Collaborative Research Centre 1266 "Scales of Transformation - Human-Environmental Interaction in Prehistoric and Archaic Societies”
Kiel University
wiebke.kirleis@ufg.uni-kiel.de
Jingping An, Alexandre Chevalier, Jan Piet Brozio, Johannes Müller and Wiebke Kirleis. 2025. Functional exploration of grinding and polishing stones from the Neolithic settlement site of Oldenburg LA77, northern Germany − evidence from plant microfossil analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 61. 104913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104913
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-024-01020-9
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296986
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