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How did the universe come into being? There are a multitude of theories on this subject. In a recent paper, three scientists formulate a new model: according to this, inflation, the first, very rapid expansion of the universe, would have taken place in a warm environment consisting of known elementary particles. In addition, the strong force, one of the fundamental interactions in the Standard Model of particle physics, plays a central role. This makes it possible to measure the first fractions of a second of the universe on Earth.
The model developed by the authors is based on the following scenario: Just before the Big Bang, the universe underwent a very brief phase of accelerated cosmic inflation. Widely accepted hypotheses stipulate that this early universe was cold and empty, requiring a hitherto unknown process to ignite the hot plasma observed afterwards—at the moment of the actual Big Bang. There are also models for warm inflation. The authors now present a new approach for this type of inflation.
“Our study shows a completely new path to warm inflation,” says Sebastian Zell, a scientist in the “Cosmology and Particle Physics” department at the Max Planck Institute for Physics. “Even as the early universe expanded, it could have been immersed in a heat bath of known elementary particles.” This inflation model has an advantage over models we know to date: it can be explained largely using “on-board resources,” i.e., well-studied particles and forces in the Standard Model. This makes the first moments of the universe accessible to measurements on Earth.
Coupling provides heat energy
However, the approach now presented does not work without extending the standard model: Gluons, which mediate the strong force in atomic nuclei, bind to a field of hypothetical, axion-like particles. “The coupling of these particles to the strong force would provide sufficient energy to heat up the expanding universe,” explains Sebastian Zell. “This makes warm inflation feasible.”
The existence of cosmic axions or related particles could solve several open questions in particle physics. One example is the nature of dark matter. Many experiments are therefore working to detect these particles. One of these is MADMAX, in which the MPP is playing a leading role. “In view of these efforts, “In view of these efforts, we see a realistic chance to test warm inflation in a future experiment,” concludes Sebastian Zell.
Max Planck Institute for Physics
Dr. Sebastian Zell
+49 89 32354-334
Max Planck Institute for Physics
Prof. Dr. Georgi Dvali
+49 89 32354-306
Warm Inflation with the Standard Model
Kim V. Berghaus, Marco Drewes, Sebastian Zell
Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 171002 – Published 23 October, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9nn9-bsm9
Artistic visualization of the expansion of the universe pixelparticle/iStock)
Quelle: pixelparticle
Copyright: iStock
Merkmale dieser Pressemitteilung:
Journalisten
Physik / Astronomie
überregional
Forschungsergebnisse
Englisch
Artistic visualization of the expansion of the universe pixelparticle/iStock)
Quelle: pixelparticle
Copyright: iStock
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