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Previously unknown primate living twelve million years ago in southern Germany walked on two legs – Upright posture millions of years earlier than believed
Our upright posture may have originated in a common ancestor of humans and great apes who lived in Europe - and not in Africa, as previously thought. That’s the conclusion reached by an international research team headed by Professor Madelaine Böhme from the Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen in a study published Wednesday in the journal Nature. Böhme has discovered fossils of a previously unknown primate in southern Germany. The fossils of Danuvius guggenmosi, which lived 11.62 million years ago, suggest that it was well adapted to both walking upright on two legs as well as using all four limbs while climbing. The ability to walk upright is considered a key characteristic of humans.
The researchers say their analysis of the fossils show that Danuvius were able to walk on two legs nearly twelve million years ago. Up to now, the oldest evidence of an upright gait is a mere six million years old, and was found on the Mediterranean island of Crete as well as in Kenya. “The finds in southern Germany are a milestone in palaeoanthropology, because they raise fundamental questions about our previous understanding of the evolution of the great apes and humans,” says Böhme. Working with the Professor from Tübingen were researchers from Bulgaria, Germany, Canada and the United States.
Ever since Darwin, the early evolution of humans and our cousins, the great apes, has been intensely debated. At the center of these debates is the question of how humans came to walk on two legs. Did bipedal humans evolve from tree-dwelling, monkey-like apes which moved on all fours? From brachiating apes similar to orangutans? Or from knuckle-walking apes like chimpanzees and gorillas? Over the last 150 years many hypotheses have been advocated, but supporting fossil evidence has so far mostly been lacking.
The Danuvius guggenmosi fossils were discovered between 2015 and 2018. Working in the Hammerschmiede clay pit in the Allgäu region of Bavaria, Böhme and her team excavated more than 15,000 fossil vertebrate bones from the ancient humid and forested ecosystems that were abundant in southern Germany at that time. The new primate fossils include the remains of at least four individuals. The most complete skeleton, of a male Danuvius, has body proportions similar to modern-day bonobos. Thanks to completely preserved limb bones, vertebra, finger and toe bones, the researchers were able to reconstruct the way Danuvius moved about in its environment. “For the first time, we were able to investigate several functionally important joints, including the elbow, hip, knee and ankle, in a single fossil skeleton of this age,” Böhme says. “It was astonishing for us to realize how similar certain bones are to humans, as opposed to great apes.”
The team’s findings indicate that Danuvius could walk on two legs and could also climb like an ape. The spine, with its S-shaped curve, held the body upright when standing on two legs. The animal’s build, posture, and the ways in which it moved are unique among primates. “Danuvius combines the hindlimb-dominated bipedality of humans with the forelimb-dominated climbing typical of living apes,” says Professor David Begun, a researcher from the University of Toronto. These results suggest that human bipedality evolved in arboreal context over 12 million years ago. “In contrast to later hominins, Danuvius had a powerful, opposable big toe, which enabled it to grasp large and small branches securely,” says Professor Nikolai Spassov of the Bulgarian Academy of Science.
Danuvius was about one meter in height. Females weighed about 18 kg, less than any great ape alive today. The male would have tipped the scales at about 31 kg, also at the low extreme of modern great ape body size. The ribcage was broad and flat, and the lower back was elongated; this helped to position the center of gravity over extended hips, knees and flat feet, as in bipeds. Several key-features of human bipedality have been found on bones from the leg.
These results received support from a recent independent study of a 10 million-year-old ape hip-bone found in Hungary. “That fossil also indicates that the European ancestors of African apes and humans differed from living gorillas and chimpanzees,” says David Begun, who was also involved in the study of the Hungarian fossil. The researchers point out that the ancestors we share with living African apes were as unique as we are today. “This newly identified pattern of positional behavior helps us to understand the starting point from which African apes and humans diverged,” he said, underlining the team’s basic premise.
Images in high resolution are available at http://www.pressefotos.uni-tuebingen.de/20191106_Danuvius.zip
They may be used free of charge for the purpose of reporting on this research only; please give copyright credit.
Professor Dr. Madelaine Böhme
University of Tübingen Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment
Phone +49 7071 29-73191
m.boehme@ifg.uni-tuebingen.de
Professor David Begun Ph.D.
University of Toronto
Phone +1 416 978-8850
begun@chass.utoronto.ca
Madelaine Böhme, Nikolai Spassov, Jochen Fuss, Adrian Tröscher, Andrew S. Deane, Jérôme Prieto, Uwe Kirscher, Thomas Lechner & David R. Begun. A new Miocene ape and locomotion in the ancestor of great apes and humans. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1731-0 (2019).
Carol V. Ward, Ashley S. Hammond, J. Michael Plavcan, David R. Begun. A late Miocene hominid partial pelvis from Hungary. Journal of Human Evolution.
On the basis of the fossils, the team reconstructed other bones.
Photo: Christoph Jäckle
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