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One of the holy-grail questions in condensed matter physics is how superconductivity — the property of many electrons to go into a quantum soup state that can carry electricity without losses — emerges at relatively high temperatures in certain materials, and how these temperatures could be boosted even further. Now a research team at the University of Oxford and the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter in Hamburg is reporting in Physical Review Letters that a dynamical version of superconductivity, which is generated by periodically shaking the material, is intimately tied to strong electronic correlations and geometric frustration.
Geometric frustration is a property of interacting quantum systems with a spin degree of freedom that can be likened to little compass needles. In a so-called antiferromagnet, when these spins are next to each other, they try to point in opposite directions in order to lower their energy — one of them to the north, the other one to the south. Now suppose that you force a third spin close into a triangle with the other two. How should it orient its spin? If it points north, the first spin will be unhappy; if it points south, the second one will be. This dilemma is called frustration and is at the root of many intriguing properties in quantum materials.
Now a theory team led by Dieter Jaksch at Oxford University and Michael Sentef at the MPSD reveals a new avenue towards exploiting magnetic frustration. When the frustrated material is stimulated by a short laser pulse of the right color, it can become superconducting at temperatures much higher than those at which superconductivity is observed in the same material without laser stimulation. „We were stunned when we first saw this effect in our numerical results“, says Joseph Tindall, a PhD student in Jaksch’s group and lead author of the study.
The idea for the investigation was born out of a collaboration with Andrea Cavalleri’s experimental group at the MPSD, which had reported light-induced superconductivity in a frustrated organic conductor earlier this year. „In our experiment, we observed superconducting behavior at relatively high temperatures when we used a laser at colors which can drive specific lattice vibrations of the crystal“, explains the lead author of the experimental paper and co-author of the theory paper, Michele Buzzi (MPSD). „We then turned to our theory collaborators to help us understand why these particular vibrations were special.“
„We had seen in calculations that certain vibrations allow one to dynamically modulate the interactions — that is, the mutual Coulomb repulsion between electrons — in the organic conductor“, explains Sentef. The numerical simulations performed by Tindall used this piece of information as an input to explore under which circumstances these dynamical interactions could give rise to superconducting behavior. They found, intriguingly, that a certain degree of frustration — just the right amount — helps create the superconducting state by laser stimulation.
„We believe that our results point to a more general mechanism for the dynamical creation of superconductivity“, explains Jaksch. „While our study was motivated by this one experiment in the Cavalleri group, our theoretical and numerical analysis points to the important ingredients for the effect — the combination of frustration, the right color of the laser, and the lattice structure of the underlying material.“ Cavalleri adds: „We hope that these results will help us find commonalities between different materials in which we have already observed light-induced superconductivity in our experiments, and also guide our search for new materials that are worth exploring.“
Joseph Tindall, lead author: joseph.tindall@physics.ox.ac.uk (
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.137001
https://www.mpsd.mpg.de/470938/2020-09-buzzi-frustrated
Electrons with spin (arrows) on the same lattice site pay an energy price U. When the system is irra ...
Joseph Tindall, University of Oxford
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