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Even when air pollutant concentrations decrease, the health risks posed by these pollutants can remain consistently high. This is the conclusion of an international study recently conducted under the leadership of researchers from Helmholtz Munich. A global research network examined data from 380 cities to assess how the effects of air pollution on mortality have changed between 1995 and 2016. The central finding: although concentrations of air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, see infobox) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have decreased, the associated health risks have hardly changed. The study is published today in "The Lancet Planetary Health."
For their investigation, the researchers utilized data from the Multi-Country Multi-City (MCC) Collaborative Research Network, an international collaboration of various research teams. Their goal is to better understand the relationships between environmental stressors—factors that can be harmful to living organisms—climate, and health. “The enormous amount of data available through the network has enabled us to analyze the health impacts of air pollution on a global scale over an extended period and to track trends,” says Maximilian Schwarz, a scientist at the Institute of Epidemiology at Helmholtz Munich and the lead author of the study.
Many Factors Could Be the Cause
According to the study, the risk of mortality has not significantly changed during the period under review—despite lower pollutant concentrations. Schwarz attributes this finding to various factors: "These include the aging population in many regions, the fact that older people tend to be more health-compromised than younger individuals, and that the sources and composition of air pollutants may have changed." Furthermore, the study reveals differences in the impacts depending on geographic region and when analyzing the simultaneous influence of various pollutants on mortality.
The study focuses on pollutants that are regulated by legal limits, such as particulate matter in the PM10 and PM2.5 size classes, as well as NO2. “Due to the data available, we were unable to investigate the impact of other potentially relevant pollutants,” says Schwarz. These include, for example, ultrafine particles, which are suspected to have a greater impact on human health than larger particles (see infobox). “Our study underscores the global need for more comprehensive and expanded monitoring. Additionally, existing data must be made available for scientific use,” Schwarz continues. This is necessary to investigate new research questions more precisely.
Health Policy Relevance
The director of the Institute of Epidemiology, Prof. Dr. Annette Peters, emphasizes that national and international efforts to improve air quality must align more closely with the stricter recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO): “The 2021 updated WHO air quality guidelines are further validated by the current study. The planned revision of air quality limits at the European level is an essential step to better manage the health risks posed by air pollution,” says Peters.
Infobox:
Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5): Particulate matter (PM) refers to tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. PM10 includes particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less, smaller than the thickness of a human hair. PM2.5 refers to even smaller particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less. These particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and are associated with a range of health issues, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and premature death. Long-term exposure to high levels of PM2.5 significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): NO2 is a gaseous air pollutant primarily produced by combustion processes, such as those in traffic and industrial activities. NO2 irritates the respiratory tract and can cause inflammation in the lungs, leading to respiratory diseases, worsening of asthma, and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Even at relatively low concentrations, NO2 is harmful to health.
Ultrafine Particles (UFP): Ultrafine particles are even smaller than PM2.5, with a diameter of less than 0.1 micrometers. Due to their small size, these particles can not only penetrate deep into the lungs but also pass through the alveoli into the bloodstream and spread throughout the body. Studies suggest that UFPs are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and worsening of existing respiratory conditions. Despite their potentially significant health impacts, UFPs are often more difficult to measure and are not currently regulated by air quality standards.
Maximilian Schwarz, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, maximilian.schwarz@helmholtz-munich.de
Schwarz M, Peters A, Stafoggia M, et al. Temporal variations in the
short-term effects of ambient air pollution on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality:
a pooled analysis of 380 urban areas over a 22-year period. Lancet Planet Health 2024;
8: e657–65
https://mccstudy.lshtm.ac.uk/ Link to the Multi-Country Multi-City (MCC) Collaborative Research Network
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