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Cachexia is a metabolic disorder that causes uncontrolled weight loss and muscle wasting in chronic diseases and cancer. A new study by Helmholtz Munich, in collaboration with the Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague, Heidelberg University Hospital, the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), shows that cachexia affects more than just muscles. Numerous organs respond in a coordinated manner, ultimately contributing to muscle loss.
Analysis of metabolome and transcriptome data, along with glucose tracing in tumor-bearing mouse models, identified a novel mechanism that plays a key role in cancer-associated weight loss.
Cancer Cachexia: More Than Just Muscle Loss
A loss of 10% of body weight within six months – what may sound desirable in some contexts – often causes uncertainty and frustration in cancer patients with cachexia, as they are unable to maintain or gain body weight despite wanting to. Cachexia (from the Greek kakós, “bad,” and héxis, “condition”) affects 50–80% of all cancer patients, reduces quality of life, diminishes the effectiveness of cancer therapies, and increases mortality.
Cachexia arises from a combination of reduced food intake and metabolic changes but is still frequently underdiagnosed. Previous studies mostly focused on muscle changes, as these are functionally most relevant – muscle wasting can prevent patients from performing daily tasks independently. The current study, however, examines metabolic changes across the entire body.
“Until now, it was completely unclear how the metabolic responses of different organs interact to drive cancer-related weight loss,” explains Dr. Maria Rohm, co-corresponding author of the study and group leader at the Institute for Diabetes and Cancer at Helmholtz Munich. As part of her ERC Starting Grant “STOPWASTE,” she investigated the interplay of glucose and lipid metabolism in cachexia to identify new therapeutic targets. “By analyzing multiple organs together, we aimed to better understand the systemic nature of weight loss.”
A Universal Metabolic Signature of Cachexia
Combined metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis in eight different organs of tumor-bearing mice with and without cachexia allowed researchers to create metabolic signatures typical of cancer-associated weight loss. High-throughput analyses identified a cachexia-specific metabolic and genetic signature that provides insight into the progression of these metabolic changes.
The researchers found that all organs showed increased activation of the so-called “one carbon cycle”, a biochemical process essential for the synthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, and cell regeneration. Products of this cycle, such as sarcosine or dimethylglycine, could potentially serve as biomarkers for cachexia in the future.
The study also revealed that hyperactivation of the one carbon cycle in muscle is associated with increased glucose metabolism (glucose hypermetabolism) and muscle atrophy. Early experiments suggest that inhibiting this process could prevent muscle loss. Comparative analyses across eight different mouse tumor models (lung, colon, and pancreatic cancer) confirmed that the one carbon signature represents a universal cachexia signature, independent of cancer type.
“It was surprising that all organs respond metabolically in the same way to cachexia,” says Rohm.
“The organs lose their individual metabolic signatures and instead align with this coordinated metabolic process.”
Targeting the One Carbon Cycle as a Therapeutic Strategy
Currently, there is no approved drug for cancer cachexia in Germany. New approaches are being explored to address cancer-related appetite loss. This study provides the first evidence of how metabolism itself could potentially be normalized. Early experiments in cell cultures show that interventions targeting the one carbon cycle can have positive effects.
Future studies will investigate whether a systemic approach to the one carbon cycle is effective, or if targeted therapies for individual organs, such as muscle, are required – a focus of the DFG Research Group “HyperMet.” The goal is to normalize metabolic processes in addition to appetite, thereby improving quality of life and enhancing the effectiveness of cancer therapies.
About the Researchers
Dr. Maria Rohm is group leader at the Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC) at Helmholtz Munich and researcher at the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) and the Heidelberg University Hospital.
Dr. Ondřej Kuda is director of the Institute of Physiology at the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague.
Dr. Pauline Morigny is senior researcher at the Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC) at Helmholtz Munich and at the Heidelberg University Hospital.
Prof. Stephan Herzig is Research Director at Helmholtz Munich, Director and Department Head of the Helmholtz Diabetes Center and Director of the Institute for Diabetes and Cancer at Helmholtz Munich.
About Helmholtz Munich
Helmholtz Munich is a leading biomedical research center. Its mission is to develop breakthrough solutions for better health in a rapidly changing world. Interdisciplinary research teams focus on environmentally triggered diseases, especially the therapy and prevention of diabetes, obesity, allergies, and chronic lung diseases. With the power of artificial intelligence and bioengineering, researchers accelerate the translation to patients. Helmholtz Munich has more than 2,550 employees and is headquartered in Munich/Neuherberg. It is a member of the Helmholtz Association, with more than 46,000 employees and 18 research centers the largest scientific organization in Germany. More about Helmholtz Munich (Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt GmbH): www.helmholtz-munich.de/en
Morigny et al., 2026: Multi-omics profiling of cachexia-target tissues reveals a spatio-temporal coordinated response to cancer. Nature Metabolism. DOI: 10.1038/s42255-025-01434-3
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